Michael Kruger on Bart Ehrman

Great insight into Dr. Bart Ehrman,

In the end, Jesus Interrupted can be best summarized as a book filled with ironies.  Ironic that it purports to be about unbiased history but rarely presents an opposing viewpoint; ironic that it claims to follow the scholarly consensus but breaks from it so often; ironic that it insists on the historical-critical method but then reads the gospels with a modernist, overly-literal hermeneutic; ironic that it claims no one view of early Christianity could be “right” (Walter Bauer) but then proceeds to tell us which view of early Christianity is “right;” ironic that it dismisses Papias with a wave of the hand but presents the Gospel of the Ebionites as if it were equal to the canonical four; and ironic that it declares everyone can “pick and choose” what is right for them, but then offers its own litany of moral absolutes.  Such intellectual schizophrenia suggests there is more going on in Jesus Interrupted than meets the eye.  Though veiled in the garb of scholarship, this book is religious at the core.  Ehrman does not so much offer history as he does theology, not so much academics as he does his own ideology. The reader does not get a post-religious Ehrman as expected, but simply gets a new-religious Ehrman–an author who has traded in one religious system (Christianity) for another (postmodern agnosticism).  Thus, Ehrman is not out to squash religion as so many might suppose.  He is simply out to promote his own.  He is preacher turned scholar turned preacher.  And of all the ironies, perhaps that is the greatest.

From: http://www.reformation21.org/shelf-life/jesus-interrupted.php

Q, M, and L

On page 152 of Jesus Interrupted, Dr. Ehrman covers the issue of source materials.  Theologians have discerned that there were sources available to Matthew, Mark, Luke and John written or memorized before these authors penned their Gospels.   Many theologians accept that there was a Q.  Q stands for Quelle, the German word meaning “source.”  Q is supposed to be one of the sources for Mark.   L is an additional source for the historian, Luke, and M is an additional source for the writer Matthew.

We know that Dr. Luke used every accurate source available to him because of what he said at the beginning of the Gospel he penned:  “Many have undertaken to draw up an account of the events that have been fulfilled among us, just as they were handed down to us by those who from the first were eyewitnesses and servants of the word. Therefore, since I myself have carefully investigated everything from the beginning, it seemed good also to me to write an orderly account for you, most excellent Theophilus, so that you may know the certainty of the things you have been taught.”

Note that Dr. Luke indicates here that “many have undertaken to draw up and account of the events…”  No one today denies that there were other writings out there about the life of Jesus.  Obviously, many of them did not make it into the canon of scriptures.  Dr. Luke though points out that he investigated everything from the beginning, ordered the information, and presented it accurately so that Theophilus is confident that he has an accurate account of what he had been taught.

Dr. Ehrman concludes on page 152, “the earlier the better.” I just pointed out the Dr. Luke used sources.  These sources were all, no doubt, eyewitness of Jesus and the events of His life and serve to strengthen the case that the data in the Gospels comes largely from eyewitness testimony.  Also we must give Dr. Luke credit for his approach.  He states that the data he is using “were handed down” from the first eyewitnesses of the events of Jesus’ life.  He “investigated everything.”  I can only assume that he verified the data he was handed.  His writing was an attempt to put the events and teachings in order.

From his own writings, Dr. Luke states that his approach is to investigate and verify sources and present those as accurately as possible so that his audience has a written record of what they have already been taught.

We cannot put our hands on “Q,” “M,” or “L” today—they do not exist in hardcopy.  But we can conclude that there were many eyewitnesses to the person and life of Jesus—both antagonists and protagonists.  Both Dr. Luke and the Apostle Paul note in their writings that they used “sources” who were eyewitnesses to Jesus.  Dr. Luke’s attempt was to accurately record the data which eyewitnesses had handed down.

Liar, Lunatic, or Lord

Contrast Dr. Ehrman’s take on Jesus with that of C. S. Lewis who said you can’t just say that Jesus is an ordinary man.  He is one of three a liar, a lunatic or he is Lord of life.

We have found that Dr. Ehrman conveniently covers up the truth by not bringing to light all of the relevant data.   He is covering the data with a bias.

Dr. Ehrman entitles the 5^th chapter of Jesus Interrupted, Liar, Lunatic, or Lord?  Finding the Historical Jesus.  It appears that this title is a sneer toward what he perceives his evangelical roots to be.  The liar, lunatic or lord concept was popularized by a famous Englishman, C. S. Lewis in a statement about the person of Jesus and what is recorded of Him in the Greek New Testament.

Ehrman, however, simply notes this trilemma and adds “legend” which is his main thesis for the data widely accepted by most Christians as the best sources for Jesus’ teachings and the events of His life.  To bring you up to speed on what C. S. Lewis stated I have included the quote here.  Realize that at this point in Lewis’ life, he assumes much of the recorded data in the New Testament to be true.  He was not raised with that view.  In fact, it appears that he was an atheist who came very hesitantly into taking a more reverent view of Jesus.

I am trying here to prevent anyone saying the really foolish thing that people often say about Him: “I’m ready to accept Jesus as a great moral teacher, but I don’t accept His claim to be God.” That is the one thing we must not say. A man who said the sort of things Jesus said would not be a great moral teacher. He would either be a lunatic — on a level with the man who says he is a poached egg — or else he would be the Devil of Hell. You must make your choice. Either this man was, and is, the Son of God: or else a madman or something worse. You can shut Him up for a fool, you can spit at Him and kill Him as a demon; or you can fall at His feet and call Him Lord and God. But let us not come with any patronizing nonsense about His being a great human teacher. He has not left that open to us. He did not intend to.

To understand that these are our choices; you must put this trilemma in the context of the data of the New Testament.  Some today will not give the documentation of Jesus a fair shake and are not open to the possibility that Jesus even existed as a historical person.  Dr. Ehrman does believe that Jesus existed but looses focus on the closest and, what are I believe, the most accurate sources for Jesus, the Gospels.  He makes an assumption that other sources should be given equal weight.  These sources only muddy the water.  Dr. Ehrman and other modern scholars of any persuasion cannot retrieve in the 21^st century the context in which the 4 or the many gospels were written and the reaction of the “500” witnesses (I Corinthians 15) or other 1^st century Christians to those gospels.  The data is simply not available now.  Therefore,  the best approach is to accept the canon of New Testament scriptures realizing that the “experts” with relevant data developed that canon.  Modern “experts” do not have the resources that 1^st and 2^nd century “experts” had available to them.

The issue is not church father, Eusebius (3^rd century) vs. Water Bauer, an 18^th century theologian (Chapter 5).  What really matters is recorded in the Greek New Testament, and we don’t need the early church fathers to understand the historical Jesus.  We have the best documentation in the New Testament from the mouths of eyewitnesses.  These are the best sources because they are earliest and closest to the actual historical Jesus and the events of His life.

A Mass of Variant Views, Part 2

Now Back  Dr. Ehrman and Jesus Interrupted, on page 178 Dr.Ehrman says that he can’t even deal with an “event” such as a resurrection from the dead because he is a historian only.   So, though he counters some of what he reads in the Gospels about the resurrection, he is admitting, from a historical perspective (which is his domain now), that a historian such as he cannot deal with something like a resurrection from the dead.

But people like you and me can examine the Gospels along with the letter to the Corinthians and come away with our own judgments about the evidence presented there.   Those 500 people who saw Jesus after he died, was buried and subsequently raised from the dead, were Jews—Jews steeped in Jewish history and tradition.  Yet these Jews forsook their culture and history to follow this Jesus.  And not only did they reject their heritage in favor of the statements of Jesus, much of the world of that day became followers of this same Jesus.

This Galilean and his Galilean disciples, unlearned though they were, literally turned the then know world upside down and paid the ultimate price.  They all died martyrs’ deaths.

Just because Jesus’ story was told throughout the civilized world of the time and that he greatly impacted that world, is justification for looking into the claims of this lowly Galilean who claimed to be a great God and fulfiller of 300 Jewish prophesies.

Do you want to look into his claims?  John 10 (Gospel of John, chapter 10) is a great place to start looking.

A Mass of Variant Views, part 1

On page 177 of Jesus Interrupted, Dr. Ehrman says that “the earliest reference to Jesus’ tomb being empty is in the Gospel of Mark, written forty years later by someone living is a different country who had heard that it was empty.”

This is not true and I believe that Dr. Ehrman knows that the statement is not true.   Dr. Ehrman knows that Paul wrote much earlier than Mark.  He dealt extensively with the resurrection data and yet he did not mention Paul’s documentation in I Corinthians.  That documentation is the most important documentation because it is much earlier than Mark and for other reasons.

The Apostle Paul writes about the resurrected Jesus in I Corinthians and perhaps in other letters also.  The I Corinthians documentation is especially important because Paul is not the source of the evidence. Followers of Jesus early on, within 10 years, developed a creed which they repeated to one another and perhaps in worship services.  This creed summarized specific data about the life of Jesus Christ that they wanted to remember.  Here are the statements in that creed from one of the latest English translations based on the largest body of manuscripts available today.

that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures,

that he was buried,

that he was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures,

and that he appeared to Peter,

and then to the Twelve.

after that, he appeared to more than five hundred of the brothers at the same time, most of whom are still living, though some have fallen asleep.

then he appeared to James,

then to all the apostles

The first generation Jesus followers were quoting this creed to one another with a few years after Jesus ascended.  That this is a creed from these followers is well documented.  And the text of I Corinthians 15 indicates that:  “for I delivered to you as of first importance what I also receive.”  Paul said this primary statement he received from other believers, probably through his visits to Jerusalem, and passed it on to the Corinthians just as he had received it from the early Jesus followers.

This creed documents several essential beliefs about Jesus.  Jesus died for the sins of humanity. Jesus was buried in a grave by Joseph of Arimethea.  He was then raised from the dead three days after he was put in the grave in fulfillment of His own prophesy and of Old Testament prophesies.   He made several appearances after His resurrection. The most phenomenal appearance was to a group of 500 hundred believer/followers at one point.  According to Paul, most of those 500 were still alive as eyewitnesses to the life and post-resurrection appearance of Jesus.  The point that can be made here is that these 500 people could be contacted because they were still alive to get first hand information about Jesus’ appearance.

So this was a significant omission from the book and I can only conclude that it was omitted because it does not support Dr. Ehrman’s theses.

Mood and Conjecture

In Jesus Interrupted, page 102: “John and Matthew were both written by earthly disciples of Jesus, why are they so very different, on all sorts of levels?”   Because they were not written to you, a person in the 20^th century and they were written by two different men to very different audiences and cultures.  That is why they are different.  They used different teachings of Jesus to support the message they conveyed.  Matthew is more of a synoptic gospel, i.e., a chronology if teachings and events where John’s focus was more towards the identity of the person of Jesus and was written to a Jewish community.

By the way,  I need to note Ehrman’s admission on the last page of the book in a footnote (p. 292) “I am not claiming that the message of any book of the Bible is self-interpreting an that its meaning is somehow obvious on a simple reading—that somehow the meaning inheres in the words of the texts.  Texts don’t tell us their meaning.  They have to be interpreted, and they are always interpreted by living, breathing human beings with loves, hates, biases, prejudices, worldviews, fears, hopes, and everything else that makes us human.  All of these factors affect how texts are interpreted, and they explain why intelligent people can have such radically different interpretations of the same text.  Even so, some texts, interpreted according to standard practices that we use to interpret, are more obviously relevant and germane to our human condition today than others.”

Galilee or Greek

Dr. Ehrman in several places in Jesus Interrupted makes a big point of the Galilean disciples of Jesus being illiterate, or presumed to be illiterate.  I don’t think though that he deals specifically with Jesus and the passage in Luke 4 where Jesus stands in the Nazareth synagogue and reads from the Isaiah scroll.   Jesus knew how to read.  How was he trained to read, when he also comes from this poor region of Israel, Galilee?  Dr. Ehrman does not deal with the issue because he has no answer for why Jesus can read.

Whether the disciples read or write is not the issue that Dr. Ehrman makes it out to be in Jesus Interrupted.  What is interesting about this time in history are these facts:  1.  Rome ruled and so there was peace during this time in Israel.  2.  Rome had previously conquered Greece and Greek had become the dominant language of the Roman Empire.  3.  The literacy in the Roman Empire was very high and thus when the Gospels and Net Testament letters were written and copied a few years later, many people under Rome’s domain could read them.  This makes the era and ideal time for the Messiah to come and for His Message to be communicated.

I am sorry that Dr. Ehrman can not see this.  As historian he would be served by a broad survey 1st century history.  Researching Greek words in the New Testament or extra-New Testament literature may never get him to where he needs to be.

 

 

Who Wrote the Bible?

I moved on to the chapter, “Who Wrote the Bible?”   That is a misnamed.  He only deals with New Testament books.   I thought that I might glean real meat here but I got to his conclusion and was very disappointed.   He makes points about books not being written by the names ascribed to them and at the end answers his own dilemma.

Ehrman makes a big deal about the disciples being illiterate by quoting some statistics about literacy rates in Israel during this era.  These men were from Galilee and were less apt to be trained or literate than if from other parts of Israel.  After running down this trail, he poses what I am sure he considers to be a profound proposition that these men couldn’t write so why are so many of the books in the New Testament attributed to them.  Well, actually there are not many books or letters attributed to the disciples of Jesus.

More importantly, however, is Dr. Ehrman’s own discovery and admission at the end of the chapter.  On page 155, speaking of I Peter: “It is sometimes argued that Peter had someone else write the letter for him, for example, Silvanus, who is named in the letter (5:12).  But the letter itself doesn’t say that. And if someone else wrote the letter, wouldn’t he, rather than Peter, be the real author?”

Do you get what Dr Ehrman is alluding to here?   He has just called some of the New Testament books forgeries because someone dictated a letter and someone else wrote the letter on parchment—and, this is the presumption throughout the chapter on who “wrote” to books.  I am astounded at his logic.

My wife is a secretary and she types dictation every day she works for her boss.  Do you think she signs that dictation with her name.  No, the boss signs the letters and then they are mailed or faxed.

So, Dr. Ehrman’s premise here explains his own dilemma about the disciples not being able to write Greek, if in fact they were not able to write Greek.  They could have easily dictated the books or letters and had a learned person write it down.  It is not a forgery to put the name of the person on the letter who dictated it.

We have an example of this scenario in Paul’s case.  Galatians was almost certainly dictated to someone else except for chapter 6, verse 11 and maybe 12 where Paul indicates that he is now writing in “large letters”.  So Paul authored Galatians though someone else may have written it down for him when perhaps his sight was failing.

Ehrman does not give one specific example of why the attributed authors did not write the books that are attributed to them. He only speaks in generalities about use of different words and styles of writing.  Now I will concede to him Hebrews. I realize there is still debate in scholarly circles of whether the Apostle Paul wrote the book.  But he never discusses the point that even if the author of a book is not known precisely, that there is merit to trusting it’s inclusion in the set of divinely inspired works.  The early church fathers knew who the authors were and they made the choices within the Christian community who were reading and listening to the Gospels and letters.  Also I believe they all were aided by God’s guidance.

This is not something that anyone today can go back and redo and make the included books a different set of letters and gospels.  Many do not realize that specific principles  guided the early church community in their understanding of which writings were inspired by God and which ones were not inspired.

(Jesus Interrupted)

Contradictions or Apparent Contradictions

I moved back to the front of the book, Jesus Interrupted to the chapter,  A World of Contradictions.  I note here that Ehrman begins to set up “straw men” in an attempt to create contradictions.   A scholar rightly treating these texts would at least start out referring to them as apparent contradictions because they may be that but they are not “absolutely” known to be contradictions.  However, the “contradiction” comes because of the timelines artificially created by Dr. Ehrman and because he does not want to give the gospel writers: Matthew, Mark Luke, and John the liberty to include or exclude what they want to emphasize about the life of Christ.  Matthew, Mark, Luke and John just simply don’t “agree” to his satisfaction because they are providing salient points adapted for the original audience of each writer.

Ehrman states several times throughout the book that to make sense of the gospels we have to take what is given and create our own version of the Gospel.  Nothing could be farther from the truth.  Most of what we need to know is right there in the texts.  He may have trouble, as anyone would, because we are 20^th century readers reading 1^st century authors and many times we don’t understand the nuances of their 1^st century culture and customs.

I need to note that in his hurriedness Dr. Ehrman has the wrong reference of a genealogy on page 37.  He lists Luke 1:23 when in fact the genealogy starts in Luke 3:23.  That points to another issue with the book.  This book appears to be a hurriedly put together document and there is no index here.

Dr. Ehrman covers the events leading to Jesus’ death recorded in Mark and John.  He appears to nail an irreconcilable difference in timing of the death but actually makes a unconvincing case.   I would love to refer him to someone who is probably his friend, Dr. James Tabor, right there in North Carolina where Dr. Ehrman lives.  Dr. Tabor has done his own research and has a very plausible explanation and reconciliation of these accounts in his book The Jesus Dynasty starting on page 198.

In this chapter I noted that Ehrman calls all the points he makes about discrepancies, “minor, irreconcilable differences.” (page 41)  My conclusion here is that though the chapter is called “A World of Contradictions,” none of the apparent ones are dealt with in depth nor convincingly.  The minor points he is able to find don’t cast dispersions on the great themes of the text nor the plot.

The reader must always remember that Dr. Ehrman is speaking about copies of the autographs and not the autographs themselves.  The discipline of textual criticism allows scholars to recreate the original words of the autographs with a high degree of invariability from the copies containing variances in spellings, side notes, omissions and additions.

 

Heart Language

On Bart Ehrman and Jesus Interrupted:

These is a message in the Bible that speaks to the heart of a man or woman and meets intimate, personal needs of the person who is open to that message.  I know no greater works on love or joy or peace or contentment.  There is also a great felt need on the part of many people to be relieved of the oppression of sin in wickedness found in their hearts.  Many people long to escape the oppression of sins of the heart and the sins from other’s hearts.  The message and the language of the Bible work in these areas of need of the human heart.  Jesus meets the deepest needs of the heart of love, acceptance and forgiveness among many others.

Henri J.M. Nouwen points out what HEART language is all about:

In our world of loneliness and despair, there is an enormous need for men an women who know the heart of God, a heart that forgives, that cares, that reaches out and want to heal. In that heart there is no suspicion, no vindictiveness, no resentment, and not a tinge of hatred. It is a heart that wants only to give love and receive love in response. It is a heart that suffers immensely because it sees the magnitude of human pain and the great resistance to trusting the heart of God who wants to offer consolation and hope.

Henri J. M. Nouwen, In the Name of Jesus: Reflections on Christian Leadership (New York: Crossroads, 1989), 24.

Banish the thought that someone missed to message because they stumbled on the grammar or misspellings they find in the Greek manuscript copies. I hope the Dr. Ehrman can get past this in his personal life.